LANGUAGE INNOVATIONS OF L.N. TOLSTOY’S WORKS (1870–1890) AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF SEMANTIC AND STYLISTIC NEOLOGY OF HIS CREATIVITY

Tolstoy’s works almost don’t contain neologisms in their traditional understanding. The exceptions are separate derivative words which could be used by Tolstoy for the Д.А. Романов 98 first time or which Tolstoy among the first has recorded in the works together with other authors-contemporaries. In Tolstoy’s works mainly semantic innovations reflecting semantic expansion of a word by rendering to it a new meaning are fixed. These semantic expansions can be divided into two groups: figurative (tropeic) and strictly nominating (nontropeic). The area of creative innovations of Tolstoy includes expansion of spheres of use of various words (stylistic and functional expansion). Rather often Tolstoy transferred words from the sphere of their usual use to philosophical and publicistic contexts, endowing them with the meaning of moral and ethical categories. Tolstoy introduced separate colloquial and dialectal words (or meanings) into literary circulation for the purpose of definition of social concepts. The sphere of Tolstoy’s lexical innovations includes also the Russian transcriptions and transliterations of some words, mainly French, made by him for the first time, which were used in the Cyrillic writing for the first time by Tolstoy. Some lexemes owing to their frequent use by Tolstoy have got in the Russian language the peculiar impression of his individual style included in connotative and pragmatic components of their meaning.