ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE NOUN PHRASE IN VOTIC/ RUSSIAN AND INGRIAN/RUSSIAN CODE-MIXING

 The article is devoted to some syntactic effects affecting the structure of the noun phrase in code-mixing in Votic/Russian and Ingrian/Russian language pairs. One of these effects is agreement between the head of a noun phrase and its modifiers even when switching occurs within the noun phrase. This agreement can occur not only in number what was known for other pairs of languages, but also in gender and in case. Case agreement when code-switching within the noun phrase occurs is typologically rare, besides the pairs of two closely related languages, such agreement was known only for the German / Latin pair. Another effect is “double morphology“, for example pleonastic use of plural markers from both languages or simultaneous use of the Russian preposition and the Ingrian or Votic case affix with the same noun phrase. In addition to old Russian loanwords present day Ingrian and Votic native speakers can use in their speech single Russian nouns which do not undergo any phonological adaptation and can be found both in morphologically adapted and morphologically unadapted form. These effects are best explained using the notion of “congruent lexicalisation” introduced by P. Muysken, by which he implies the formation of a single hybrid grammatical system from the systems of two contacting languages. The article also provides a brief overview of the presence / absence of agreement within the noun phrase for some other pairs of languages.